Friday, November 28, 2014

Gentlemen, Start Your Engines:
My Sports Autobiography

Streaks of sun bounce off the chrome moldings and then flash across my field of vision.  The engines around me rev and race, and I uncharacteristically pin the clutch of my street car to the floor as I await the starting signal.  Carmine’s yellow steward’s uniform pinches his multiple rolls of stomach, chest, and arms as he spreads out into my passenger’s seat.  “Okay.  So.  Look ahead.  Anticipate the curve. Slow in, fast out. You can do this,” he adds hesitantly, staring into my eyes.  “It’s all about the apex.  Figure out where the apexes are, and you’ll be fine.”

The verdant Lime Rock Raceway stretches before me and undulates with the Connecticut rolling hills. I process Carmine’s advice and the information from the driver’s meeting, otherwise known as rookie orientation.  Oddly, I feel cast back on this thin March afternoon to another day, a scorching Sunday, so long ago, in which I move with a small teenaged horde of males at the local speedway.  Ah, the smell of oil dripping on a hot engine!  The glorious roar of a shaking exhaust!  The vibrations retreating and flowing through my body as car upon stock car wrapped around the banked ovals.  It was paradise.

To some, being the only girl in a neighborhood of male boys must seem as if it had been a burden, a series of barriers, endless feelings of isolation and embarrassment.  But, to me, hurling a baseball across the plate and hearing the slap of bat across open air, or bracing for the thud and blow of a hip check across low and weedy skating marshes, or holding my breath while the basketball hangs in midair before a “swish-sh” joyously fills the court--- these are the memories of playing and competing as a girl right alongside the boys.

We swam in a wildlife pond, with the cattails encroaching and tickling us.  We climbed evergreen trees dabbled in pitch that hid nests of white-faced hornets.  We shot marbles, built tree houses, skipped stones, and hiked deep into the woods.  Our common connection to the natural and physical world largely transcended our childhood gender differences. 

My immersion into the world of males and sports was fully complete by the time I was a 30-something year old adult.  I was already moving daily and readily with the rhythms, habits, and culture of sport, and, so, my early love of stock car racing morphed into F1 international fandom and I traveled to various tracks to live vicariously through Mika, David, and Mark.

At the Lime Rock track day, the lights--- finally--- skip from red to green!  I let out the clutch, snap the gas pedal to the floor, and shoot down the long straight.  Looking ahead as Carmine advises, I come into the first curve.  “Don’t look at the road right in front of you.  Forget the other drivers.  Don’t break too early!  Hold the line until the last moment.  Keep up the speed!  No—don’t downshift.  Stay in gear.”  My throat closes and feels like dry parchment as my mouth drains of saliva.

The first lap of this track session consists of “follow the leader.” There is no passing allowed, and we are to all trace the column of cars in front of us so that on-track instructors like Carmen can show us the proper line to take around the track. I clench the steering wheel, my fingers bloodless and yet pulsing. I shift coming into Big Bend.  “So. Start on the outside of the track. Drive as straight as possible,” Carmine intones. I try to hide my fear of being knocked off the track, or causing an incident by pulling out to pass a slower car, or being unaware of a faster car closing in to overtake me. The curve sways and curls and tucks until a short straight.  Then the road course meanders up a quick hill to a crest, a right turn that falls away, and a long sweep down to two quick rights. Pressure builds in my temples as my body floats as one with the car.

And then I shift again as we are back by the pits and out onto the long straight.  “You’re getting it.  Use the whole track.  Better.  Look ahead, not down. No—don’t downshift.  Keep up the speed,” Carmen guides, a small smile creeping into the corners of his mouth.  “Exit all the way to the outside margin:  track out.”  My speeds increase with each successive lap until we are moving fast, really fast.  I see 90 miles per hour in a quick glance at the dashboard. More?

Again and again, I look ahead to find the apex, attempting to anticipate what is to become rather than to assess when I am.  Four times, five times:  the small track begins to embed in my memory.  Fall off, right.  Drift back and up.  Weave left, feign right.  I feel tendrils of hair escape and blow across my cheeks.


And while part of me is a 50+ year-old female out on the track for the biggest half-hour of her life, another part of me is that teenager who kept finding adventure and excitement and connection to others through the world of sport.  My adrenaline soars, my heart races, and my spirit settles into a meditative calm on that cold March day at Lime Rock.  No, I’ll not go back out onto a race track again. I’ll leave that to Felipe and Danika and Fernando.  But I’ll be one with the track, the lake, and field, and the course as a fan and occasional participant.  It’s sport that makes me, in part, who I am, and the memory of speed is enough.  

Thursday, March 7, 2013

Replication Study: Dominant Themes of Sports Texts

Sports Talk Radio and Me
Like many people who live in the northeast corridor, I spend about 25% of my workday commuting.  As I drive the same route five days a week, I listen to Sports Talk Radio; I learn background details about the New England professional sports teams, their strategies, players, coaches, and controversies.  I must admit it:  I really enjoy listening to Sports Talk Radio.  It is entertaining information.

My fascination with Sports Talk Radio had a practical application this week.  My Gender and Sport undergraduate class had just completed a webquest on Title IX, that small and simple legislation that had such ramifications for females and males in the U.S.

“No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."

Now my students and I wanted to see to what degree the sports media representations of females had changed over the last decade plus.  

Gender in Sports Texts
We read "Masculinity as Portrayed on Sports Television," by Messner, Dunbar, and Hunt and learned that patterns emerged in the sports texts these researchers consumed.  Messner is a sports sociologist at the University of Southern California whose interests include  gender and sports and gender and violence. Here are the themes that the researcher team uncovered.

10 Dominant Themes in Televised Sports 
according to Messner, et al
 

1) White males are the voice of authority.
2) Sport is a man's world.
3) Men are foregrounded in commercials.
4) Women are sexy props for men's successful sports performance.

5) Whites are foregrounded in commercials.
6) Aggressive players get the prize; nice guys finish last.
7) Boys will be (violent) boys.
8) Give up your body
for the team.
9) Sports is war.

10) Show some guts!


My Gender and Sport students planned a collective survey of sports media texts, opting to include multimodal sports texts of all kinds, not just television, to see if Messner, et al's results were still prevalent in the 2013 sports media world.  One of the driving questions for our course is, "How can sport be a mechanism to improve society?" While our study wouldn't directly replicate Messner, et al's data sample, we did hope that we would find that society had evolved so that gender-directed messages might be more fluid, optimistic, and freeing.

I like to complete assignments alongside my students.  I feel it helps me to understand the experiences that they undergo in the process of learning, and it deepens my knowledge of the topic at hand.  I decided to draw upon my practice of listening to Sports Talk Radio by analyzing one hour each of two of my favorite shows: Dennis & Callahan on and Mustard & Johnson on WEEI. 

Dennis & Callahan
 John Dennis & Gerry Callahan have been on the WEEI airwaves from 6 a.m. -10 a.m. since October 6, 1997.  Dennis was a television sports broadcaster at Boston's WHDH/ Channel 7 for two decades before joining WEEI. Callahan is a former Sports Illustrated writer and is now a contributing writer for the Boston Herald.  I listened to a weekday hour on a Friday morning from about 6:15- 7:15 a.m.

Discussion Topics

“May-December Marriage” was a sustained topic.  The hosts discussed males who had married females who were considerably younger than they were.  Dennis & Callahan questioned whether anyone was “older than Clint Eastwood,” wondering if such men were "still active."  They listed males they understood to be fathers of multiple children: "Hugh Hefner," "Charlie Sheen," "Keith Richards." Callahan added, "We know Steven Tyler has been with like a million broads."  The hosts decried male who "likes to smack her around... that would be the worst." They referred to a “bad girl” who “swaps clothes and hair products.”  A "Zumba child... did about 100 guys," and the hosts announced that "they were talking about porn in court."

Next, they turned to the subject of fighting in professional hockey and the Boston Bruins on-ice fight the previous evening.  Shawn Thornton, in a post-game press conference, allowed that "Mr. Erskine" had asked him to fight, and he "obliged" him.  Referring to the former Boston Bruins enforcer, Lyndon Byers, who is also a morning talk show host on another area morning radio program, Callahan said, "I don't want LB to beat me up" if he disagreed with the topic of fighting in hockey. Dennis discussed "containment" as a goal of fighting on the ice and added "there's something to be said for biting."
 
Mustard & Johnson
Craig Mustard & Larry Johnson have been on WEEI weekends --- on and off--- since the 1990s.  Mustard is also a full-time high school English teacher, and Johnson is a celebrated cartoonist and artist.  The show I listened to was on Saturday from 10:30-11:30 a.m.

Like Dennis & Callahan, Mustard & Johnson are veterans of the sports talk radio world in the Boston market.  Unlike Dennis & Callahan, they are part-time: their show airs one day per week only, and it is on the weekend, when there is a smaller audience share.  They also have been, admittedly, fired and rehired by the WEEI management group several times.

 Discussion topics
Tom Brady, the long-time quarterback of the New England Patriots professional football team, had just completed contract negotiations with the Kraft ownership group.  Calling to mind the comments of other sports texts composers who had reported on the story earlier in the week, both Mustard and Johnson concurred that Tom Brady's salary should not be discussed in conjunction with his supermodel wife, Giselle Bundchen's salary.

The hosts disagreed, however, as to whether Brady should have held out for the highest possible salary. Johnson felt strongly that Brady had set a role model example for others in professional football and professional sports, while Mustard felt that Brady had done other players a disservice.  Listeners texted in and added their opinions, largely siding with Mustard, saying that "Tom Brady was jeopardizing the contracts of other players."  Both Mustard & Johnson did indicate that "times had changed" and that "confidentiality" of contract negotiations was no longer the norm for players.


Another topic of conversation surrounded Doc Rivers, the coach of the Boston Celtics professional basketball team, and how Rivers handled himself with the press in the post-game conference.  Rivers had talked about the growth and evolution of several players, and Johnson repeated several times that Doc River's presentation of self was "authentic."  Both hosts agreed that the recent success of the Celtics following the season-ending injury of point guard Rajon Rondo was due to Rivers' demeanor with and about the players.


A third topic of conversation was Manti Te'o, the University of Notre Dame linebacker.  Te'o, who was involved in a fake girlfriend hoax over the previous few months, continued to be analyzed nationally by sports text composers due to the upcoming NFL draft.  Mustard decried writers who suggest that Te'o's draft status "would not have any effect" as a result of "his fake girlfriend." Mustard called such announcers "Pollyannas" and argued that Te'o's "performance at the Combine was, of course, affected by his 4.81" 40-yard dash.  Johnson reminded Mustard of other difficulties that had emerged at previous drafts, including "one interviewer who asked a player if his mother was a prostitute." Johnson said he "hoped the NFL would fine" another interviewer for a comparable question in future drafts.

Analysis of Dennis & Callahan
Because the texts I chose to study were not identical texts to any of those that Messer, et al chose, this could not truly be called a section of a replication study.  However, Dennis & Callahan did mirror several of the Messer, et al study themes; for example, both  hosts are white males, and no female athletes were discussed.



Ironically, the full-time sports talk show hosts, Dennis & Callahan, talked less about sports in total than did the part-time sports talk show hosts, Mustard & Johnson.  On the D & C show, women became sexy props for men's general successful performance, not just in the world of sports.  Indeed, a male's sexual prowess was a central focus, and the hosts commended older males who were able to have sexual relations with multiple females. Conversely, when a female's multiple sexual partners became the topic of conversation, her actions were referred to as "porn."

In the segment portion that did finally refer to sports, aggression, violence, and sacrificing one's body became prevalent themes, as they were in the Messner, et al study. Thornton was celebrated for his wherewithal to engage in physical alterations with opponents (he had just returned from a concussion from a previous fight), and Byers continued to claim a position of awe from the hosts due to his previous fighting career. 

Analysis of Mustard & Johnson
Mustard & Johnson, through years of partnering, execute a point-counterpoint debate on most issues.While both are males, Johnson is a person of color.  Moreover, each host has other, full-time careers that augment financial needs.

All three topics of conversation --- Brady's salary, Rivers' deportment, and Te'o's draft potential --- were issues contained within the world of sports.  Johnson, particularly, took ethical positions about the role of consumerism in sport, empowering ways to treat others, and the dignity with which young athletes should be treated.  

Conclusion
The Mustard & Johnson hour-long segment was entirely different than that of the Dennis & Callahan segment: the former was a series of sports-centered debates embedded with ideologies around values and cultural nuances; the latter was a sensationalized, celebrity-oriented diatribe in which both hosts concurred politically and philosophically.  Does the need to entertain during every weekday commute supercede the potential for introspection and analysis?  Perhaps.  But the difference in hosts reaches beyond positioning in particular markets.  Mustard is an educator, and Johnson is an artist and spiritual guide.  Neither offered themes that paralleled those of the Messner, et al study, so, while they do not achieve full-time compensation for their sports talk radio performances, Mustard & Johnson do offer balanced and insightful discussions that extend beyond the dominant themes that Messner, et al revealed.
 
And that distinction gives us hope for the ways that sport can be a mechanism to improve society.  If some sports talk composers can transcend decades of dominant themes, maybe they can serve as role models for other, up-and-coming sports commentators.  Just don't fire them again!

Sunday, January 20, 2013

Female Athletes in the "News" & Discourse Analysis


As I begin to teach a new course called Gender and Sport at the local state college, I'm trying to plan ahead.  I want the students in my course to be able to apply a series of protocols to different texts that we'll analyze together.  In this post, I’m going to introduce a protocol for analyzing sports print texts, such as from social media and traditional media.   

First, here's a template for the “discourse analysis” protocol.  

 Discourse Analysis Protocol
Find a language excerpt from the article that you find intriguing, unexpected, or curious. Write it on the template in the associated field in quotation marks.

Zoom in on one part of the excerpt due to its particular use of language.  Name the language device.

Interpret the implied, underlying meanings and messages within the language excerpt, also known as embedded assumptions.

Write a synthesis:  a statement that connects the language excerpt to the language device and the embedded assumption.

Language excerpt


Language device


Embedded assumptions





Synthesis: 















Next, here are three texts I found this week on espnW, which self-describes as the "online destination for female sports fans and athletes."  What better place could my students and I journey together during our first week together of Gender and Sport--- right?

Well, here are sample discourse analyses I conducted.  You judge for yourself if espnW will be the best source for timely and culturally sensitive texts on Gender and Sport.


1) Kaillie Humphries Again Finds New Life on Bobsled Track"
Excerpt:  “Her parents flew to Italy to root for her. And then, four days before the race, her coach called her. Humphries would not be racing. There was no reason for her parents to have flown across the Atlantic. And perhaps Kaillie need not have done so, either.

"Right away, I just started crying and went to my room," Humphries recalled. "I thought, 'Do I stay here and gain experience from '06 or do I go home?' I decided to stay and support my team by cheering them on." 

Discourse device: Collation (many texts about female athletes incorporate references to crying as a pattern of reference)

Embedded assumptions:  Females who participate in the world of sport bring with them a genetic predisposition due to estrogen levels to be emotional rather than logical.  Expressing emotions in sport is a sign of weakness.

Synthesis:  Kaillie Humphies, who experienced disappointment, questions of self- and team-worth, and embarrassment, reacted by crying, which, as a weakness implied in this text, paralleled her own failure to make the Canadian Olympic bobsled team for the 2006 Torino Olympics.

"Danica Patrick Files for Divorce"
Language excerpt:  “The former IndyCar star consistently has avoided discussing her private life over the years. Media members were informed she would adhere to that policy during last week's Cup test at Daytona International Speedway.”

Discourse device:  private sphere; passive voice, promotional culture

Embedded assumptions:  According to the embedded assumptions within this text, Patrick has more that she could --- and should --- reveal about her private sphere identity to the media, which is only seeking to best serve its fans.  As a female athlete, Patrick has the responsibility to the fans who named her “the most popular driver in the Nationwide Series;” her role is different, with different obligations, than if she were a male athlete in the same sport.

Synthesis:  As a female athlete who has been allowed to participate in a male-dominated sport, Danica Patrick negated the implied responsibility she owes to her fans to reveal the private sphere details of her divorce due to the different expectations of female athletes.

"Shannon Miller Pregnant after Cancer"
Language excerpt: “Two years after discovering she had a rare form of ovarian cancer, Olympic champion gymnast Shannon Miller is expecting her second child.”

Discourse device: clauses (The sentence is divided into two clauses but three distinct parts:  1) discovery of cancer; 2) the accolade of Miller as Olympian; and, 3) her state of being pregnant.)

Embedded assumptions: Miller, as a female athlete, divides her life into mutually exclusive categories of femininity and athleticism.  The sentence, with its clauses weighted more heavily toward the feminine, demonstrates that female athletes necessarily must focus on their gender before their athleticism.

Synthesis: Miller’s life is a series of choices around her feminine and her athletic selves. Her femininity must take precedence over her athleticism.

Summary: 
Media sports text composers continue to apply evaluations of both athleticism and gender to athletes who are female, while male athletes--- and, of course, there are exceptions --- tend to be evaluated solely by their on the field/ court/ ice performance.  Gender binaries reproduce stereotypes about the diminished value of female athletes in comparison to their male counterparts.  Even when advertisers see real opportunities to produce revenue through promotion of female athletes, different standards apply to males than females.  

But "consumerism" is for week two of our course.... See you then. 

Monday, November 12, 2012

Race at the Top: Media Discourse around Athletes of Color

Why does the topic of race emerge frequently in the world of sports?  Why, nearly 50 years after enactment of the Civil Rights federal legislation, are we still talking about racial disparities?  As a white person, I can really only speak about this issue from my position as someone who has been endowed with unearned advantages because of my whiteness.


But, from the studies I've conducted and researched, I argue that racial disparities and tensions are partially due to a legacy of legislated separation, but, more importantly --- especially as applies to the world of sports --- media messages about sports and race through language play a large part in the way that we as fans understand athletes of color.  
 
Let's look at some ways that the media separate athletes according to race via their language use and, in doing so, how the media perpetuate stereotypes about athletes of color and racial divisions in the U.S.

Understanding language use

Until LeBron James led the Miami Heat to a NBA championship, he was often derided as being egotistical.  His defenders tend to include the positive connotation "articulate" as they outline his community altruism, his focus on family, and his "demonization... by the "97% white" media (Groves, 2012).  Why do we often hear of athletes of color whom the media feel are worthy of admiration deemed to be "articulate?"

Potential tensions exist in our society between the diverse sociocultural and linguistic resources of our population.  There is an unstated emphasis on a better way to use words that refers to privileging white ways of speaking and writing.  When media composers use the word "articulate" to refer to athletes of color, they are referring to the surface level of language, or how they determine a proper voice should sound and how a written sentence should look on the page. 

Most European-based languages have their root in common Latin languages. Language is a reflection of a people. If a group is considered to be lesser in sophistication, culture, heritage, or even intelligence, then their language is attributed similarly. If African American people and people of color around the world are perceived by dominant societies to be inferior, so, too, is  their language perceived in a similar way (Hamilton, 2005, p. 35).

By extension, when athletes of color speak with syntax drawn from standard English, media composers comment on that choice of language use in accolades instead of focusing on the ideas embedded in that language use.  The effect is to Other athletes of color, or to separate and isolate athletes of color from white linguistics and culture.  Such labeling stigmatizes worthy individuals and lessens our society as a whole.
 English as normative language
English is often used as a global means of communication.  In 1999, 668 million persons spoke English and at least one other language; that number has certainly risen over the last decade plus.  Conversely, only 443 million persons in 1999 spoke English as their sole language (Graddol).  Monodialectical speakers lack the skills to negotiate different forms of words, idioms, and grammatical structures when they interact with multidialetical speakers.  This has a negative impact on monodialectical speakers' interactions, specifically, but it has significant ramifications if English is privileged by the multidialectical speakers as the only language worth knowing and speaking.   

According the The Root, "racial and ethnic minorities make up more than half of all children born in the United States." What is the potential consequence for our society if we do not embrace multidialectical nuances?

Athletes of color communicate via rich and varied linguistic sociocultural heritages.  However, we all have been educated in U.S. public schools in ways that normalize but do not contextualize language variation, whatever the communicative mode, oral or written.  As a result, we come to understand language use through one and only one way to express ourselves through oral and written words. Media composers remind us of that normalization of language use every time they refer to athletes of color as "articulate."

It's all in the name

Steven A. Smith discussed race on ESPN's First Take in February, 2012 but, later in the year, became the object of controversy when he seemed to accidentally refer to another person of color through historically derogatory language about persons of color. 

Why was Smith's comment so insidious? Does Smith, as a media icon who is a person of color, have a social responsibility to restrict his public language use only to that which celebrates culture and heritage?

Perhaps we can look to literature to help us navigate this difficult terrain of language use.  In Maya Angelou's autobiographical essay, "What's Your Name, Girl?," the protagonist explains why maintaining one's essential identity is important for persons of color in the U.S.

 "Every person I knew had a hellish horror of being 'called out of his name.' It was a dangerous practice to call a Negro anything that could be loosely construed as insulting because of the centuries of their having been called niggers, jigs, dinges, blackbirds, crows, boots, and spooks" (p. 35).

If media messages portray groups of athletes negatively based on race, such as through spoken commentary by on-air broadcasters or through production practices of media covering sports, audiences may infer negative impressions of race and of individuals different than they. When the media reinforce stereotypes in society ---such as those about race ---misconceived beliefs, knowledge, and skills transfer outward to amateur and professional sports.

Considering language use outside sports

It's not just in sports that the topic of race becomes part of our public discourse.  President Obama found himself discussing race and barriers as a person of color as he toured the country on campaign stops, and he continues to do so while on official business.  The Roper Center at the University of Connecticut surveyed people in relation to their perspectives about the current status of race in the United States. Race and its sociocultural constructs in daily life continue to permeate our national discourse.

It's important to return to the choices of media composers around race in their own discourse.  When media composers remind us of linguistic markers of our sad, segregated past, they reinforce other, negative notions of persons of color.  Let's not teach a new generation of citizens to demonize persons of color, and let's not use the excuse of vernacular African American English to negate individuals who live moral, intellectual, and spiritual lives because of an artificial, socially-constructed category that includes some and precludes others from sharing in the opportunities inherent in our country and democracy.



Sources
Angelou, M. (2012). "What's your name, girl?" In The Writer's Presence:  A Pool of Readings.  Edited by McQuade, D. and R. Atwan.

Green, G. C. (1963). Negro dialect: The last barrier to integration. Journal of Negro Education, 32, 81–83.

Groves, R. (2012.) The demonizaton of LeBron James.  Center for Sports and Social Entrepreneurship

Hamilton, K. (2005, April 15). The dialect dilemma. Black Issues in Higher Education, pp. 34–36.